Use this ICM calculator to convert tournament chip stacks into real-money equity based on payout structures, remaining players, and chip stacks. The Independent Chip Model (ICM) helps poker players make mathematically optimal decisions in high-pressure situations like the bubble and final table.
Calculate tournament equity instantly
Adjust for stack sizes and payout structure
Improve shove, call, and fold decisions
What is ICM in Poker?
The Independent Chip Model (ICM) is a mathematical model used in poker tournaments to estimate a player’s share of the prize pool based on their chip stack relative to other players.
Unlike cash games, tournament chips do not have a linear value. This means doubling your stack does not double your expected winnings. ICM accounts for this by factoring in payout structures and the probability of finishing in each position.
How This ICM Calculator Works
This calculator converts chip stacks into Expected Value (EV) by simulating how often each player finishes in each payout position.
To use it effectively, input:
Each player’s chip stack
The tournament payout structure
The calculator then outputs each player’s equity as a percentage of the total prize pool.
When Should You Use ICM?
ICM is most important in high-leverage tournament situations, including:
The bubble - when one player remains before payouts begin
Final tables - where payout jumps are significant
Short-handed play - where each decision has larger impact
In these spots, correct ICM decisions can dramatically increase your long-term tournament ROI.
ICM Strategy Tips
Understanding ICM leads to better strategic adjustments:
Play tighter when calling all-ins near the bubble
Apply pressure as a big stack against medium stacks
Avoid marginal spots when survival has significant value
Recognize payout jumps before making aggressive plays
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<?php
/**
* Error Protection API: WP_Fatal_Error_Handler class
*
* @package WordPress
* @since 5.2.0
*/
/**
* Core class used as the default shutdown handler for fatal errors.
*
* A drop-in 'fatal-error-handler.php' can be used to override the instance of this class and use a custom
* implementation for the fatal error handler that WordPress registers. The custom class should extend this class and
* can override its methods individually as necessary. The file must return the instance of the class that should be
* registered.
*
* @since 5.2.0
*/
#[AllowDynamicProperties]
class WP_Fatal_Error_Handler {
/**
* Runs the shutdown handler.
*
* This method is registered via `register_shutdown_function()`.
*
* @since 5.2.0
*
* @global WP_Locale $wp_locale WordPress date and time locale object.
*/
public function handle() {
if ( defined( 'WP_SANDBOX_SCRAPING' ) && WP_SANDBOX_SCRAPING ) {
return;
}
// Do not trigger the fatal error handler while updates are being installed.
if ( wp_is_maintenance_mode() ) {
return;
}
try {
// Bail if no error found.
$error = $this->detect_error();
if ( ! $error ) {
return;
}
if ( ! isset( $GLOBALS['wp_locale'] ) && function_exists( 'load_default_textdomain' ) ) {
load_default_textdomain();
}
$handled = false;
if ( ! is_multisite() && wp_recovery_mode()->is_initialized() ) {
$handled = wp_recovery_mode()->handle_error( $error );
}
// Display the PHP error template if headers not sent.
if ( is_admin() || ! headers_sent() ) {
$this->display_error_template( $error, $handled );
}
} catch ( Exception $e ) {
// Catch exceptions and remain silent.
}
}
/**
* Detects the error causing the crash if it should be handled.
*
* @since 5.2.0
*
* @return array|null Error information returned by `error_get_last()`, or null
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*/
protected function detect_error() {
$error = error_get_last();
// No error, just skip the error handling code.
if ( null === $error ) {
return null;
}
// Bail if this error should not be handled.
if ( ! $this->should_handle_error( $error ) ) {
return null;
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return $error;
}
/**
* Determines whether we are dealing with an error that WordPress should handle
* in order to protect the admin backend against WSODs.
*
* @since 5.2.0
*
* @param array $error Error information retrieved from `error_get_last()`.
* @return bool Whether WordPress should handle this error.
*/
protected function should_handle_error( $error ) {
$error_types_to_handle = array(
E_ERROR,
E_PARSE,
E_USER_ERROR,
E_COMPILE_ERROR,
E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR,
);
if ( isset( $error['type'] ) && in_array( $error['type'], $error_types_to_handle, true ) ) {
return true;
}
/**
* Filters whether a given thrown error should be handled by the fatal error handler.
*
* This filter is only fired if the error is not already configured to be handled by WordPress core. As such,
* it exclusively allows adding further rules for which errors should be handled, but not removing existing
* ones.
*
* @since 5.2.0
*
* @param bool $should_handle_error Whether the error should be handled by the fatal error handler.
* @param array $error Error information retrieved from `error_get_last()`.
*/
return (bool) apply_filters( 'wp_should_handle_php_error', false, $error );
}
/**
* Displays the PHP error template and sends the HTTP status code, typically 500.
*
* A drop-in 'php-error.php' can be used as a custom template. This drop-in should control the HTTP status code and
* print the HTML markup indicating that a PHP error occurred. Note that this drop-in may potentially be executed
* very early in the WordPress bootstrap process, so any core functions used that are not part of
* `wp-includes/load.php` should be checked for before being called.
*
* If no such drop-in is available, this will call {@see WP_Fatal_Error_Handler::display_default_error_template()}.
*
* @since 5.2.0
* @since 5.3.0 The `$handled` parameter was added.
*
* @param array $error Error information retrieved from `error_get_last()`.
* @param true|WP_Error $handled Whether Recovery Mode handled the fatal error.
*/
protected function display_error_template( $error, $handled ) {
if ( defined( 'WP_CONTENT_DIR' ) ) {
// Load custom PHP error template, if present.
$php_error_pluggable = WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/php-error.php';
if ( is_readable( $php_error_pluggable ) ) {
require_once $php_error_pluggable;
return;
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}
// Otherwise, display the default error template.
$this->display_default_error_template( $error, $handled );
}
/**
* Displays the default PHP error template.
*
* This method is called conditionally if no 'php-error.php' drop-in is available.
*
* It calls {@see wp_die()} with a message indicating that the site is experiencing technical difficulties and a
* login link to the admin backend. The {@see 'wp_php_error_message'} and {@see 'wp_php_error_args'} filters can
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*
* @since 5.2.0
* @since 5.3.0 The `$handled` parameter was added.
*
* @param array $error Error information retrieved from `error_get_last()`.
* @param true|WP_Error $handled Whether Recovery Mode handled the fatal error.
*/
protected function display_default_error_template( $error, $handled ) {
if ( ! function_exists( '__' ) ) {
wp_load_translations_early();
}
if ( ! function_exists( 'wp_die' ) ) {
require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/functions.php';
}
if ( ! class_exists( 'WP_Error' ) ) {
require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-error.php';
}
if ( true === $handled && wp_is_recovery_mode() ) {
$message = __( 'There has been a critical error on this website, putting it in recovery mode. Please check the Themes and Plugins screens for more details. If you just installed or updated a theme or plugin, check the relevant page for that first.' );
} elseif ( is_protected_endpoint() && wp_recovery_mode()->is_initialized() ) {
if ( is_multisite() ) {
$message = __( 'There has been a critical error on this website. Please reach out to your site administrator, and inform them of this error for further assistance.' );
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/* translators: %s: Support forums URL. */
__( 'There has been a critical error on this website. Please check your site admin email inbox for instructions. If you continue to have problems, please try the <a href="%s">support forums</a>.' ),
__( 'https://wordpress.org/support/forums/' )
);
}
} else {
$message = __( 'There has been a critical error on this website.' );
}
$message = sprintf(
'<p>%s</p><p><a href="%s">%s</a></p>',
$message,
/* translators: Documentation about troubleshooting. */
__( 'https://wordpress.org/documentation/article/faq-troubleshooting/' ),
__( 'Learn more about troubleshooting WordPress.' )
);
$args = array(
'response' => 500,
'exit' => false,
);
/**
* Filters the message that the default PHP error template displays.
*
* @since 5.2.0
*
* @param string $message HTML error message to display.
* @param array $error Error information retrieved from `error_get_last()`.
*/
$message = apply_filters( 'wp_php_error_message', $message, $error );
/**
* Filters the arguments passed to {@see wp_die()} for the default PHP error template.
*
* @since 5.2.0
*
* @param array $args Associative array of arguments passed to `wp_die()`. By default these contain a
* 'response' key, and optionally 'link_url' and 'link_text' keys.
* @param array $error Error information retrieved from `error_get_last()`.
*/
$args = apply_filters( 'wp_php_error_args', $args, $error );
$wp_error = new WP_Error(
'internal_server_error',
$message,
array(
'error' => $error,
)
);
wp_die( $wp_error, '', $args );
}
}
